SF 375 
.W77 
Copy 1 




€\t Jfatteiting of ^|ee| in Minkr. 



READ AT THE 5), 

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE 

New York State Agricultural Society, 

February 11, 1869, 

By JURIA-UST IV^INNE, 

Of Bethlehem, Albany County, New York. 



Sthc (^iittniiiifl of ^liMp ill lUintcr. 



A PAPER 



READ AT THE 



ANNUAL MEETING OF THI 



NEW YOEK STATE AGKICULTUHAL SOCIETY, 



Febiniarij 11, 1809, 



By JURIAN WINNE, 

Of Bethlehem, Albany County, New York. 



V>>k3 e ^': 



PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 



ALBANY: 

PRINTING HOUSE OF CHAS. VAN BENTHUYSEN &. SONS. 

1869. 



SF37- 
.Vi7/ 



THE FATTENING OF SHEEP IN WINTER. 



The subject before us is " The Managing and 
Feeding of Fat Sheep in Winter," together with 
the difference in the various breeds. My first 
rule is, always to buy good stock, whatever the 
breed may be, and to be sure to select animals 
kindly disposed to fatten. The price of well 
bred sheep may appear to be high, but depend 
upon it, if there is no money in feeding good 
stock, there is no money in poor. It will not 
do (as has often been said), to buy any kind of 
sheep for feeding, that you can double your 
money upon ; for a one-dollar sheep will con- 
sume aljout as much feed as a six-dollar one, and 
as neither of them can be fed through the feed- 
ing season for much short of five dollars a head, 
you will readily perceive that the one-dollar 
sheep would stand you in six dollars, the other 
eleven dollars. 

According to my experience, the one-dollar 
sheep would weigh in the spring about eighty 



pounds, and sell for seven cents per pound, which 
would nuike live dollars and sixty cents — a loss 
of forty cents, when the six-dollar one would 
wx'igh at least one hundred and twenty-five 
pounds, and sell for ten cents per pound, nuiking 
twelve dollars and fifty cents — a profit of one 
dollar and fifty cents, besides getting the credit 
in the one case of bringing good stock to market, 
and in the other such as will be hooted at, and 
reported for you as scalawoirs. Now, as every 
good citizen values his reputation (and what is 
a man good for without it), 1 think this last item 
should not l)e lost sight of. 

Next in order then, will be the conveniences 
for fjxtteniug. It is bad ])()licy in this country 
to undertake to fatten sheep in winter, with 
no protection or shelter, save a few trees or 
the side of some old building. I recollect an 
instance of that kind of feeding, which I went 
to see some ten years ago, where a man had 
al)out three hundred slieep feeding, running in a 
four or five acre lot, witliout any })rotecti(Mi, save 
such as 1 have just described. It rained a little 
while I w^as there, the ground was soft, although 
it was February, and his shee]) (though other- 
wise nice good ones), looked wet, lank and 



5 

muddy ; his feeding troughs were in this lot, all 
covered with mud, and some of the feed, on 
account of the mud in the trough, was left. 
I expostulated with him about his slovenly 
manner of feeding. He replied that he could do 
no better. I said to myself, this is your first 
and last winter for feeding, and so it was. 

My buildings, which it will be well to describe 
as fully as possible, were put up with as much 
reference to storing the products of the farm as 
for protecting and sheltering the sheep. The 
barn first in order, is nearly surrounded by other 
buildings; it is forty-four by fifty-two feet, with 
twenty-foot joosts, .with upper and lower floors — 
horse and cow stables and granary, all below. 
Into this barn goes all the grain I raise, first, 
and then as much feeding hay as it will hold — 
and there was room this year for but very little. 

When I thresh my grain (which I always do 
in the fall), I j)ut the straw mostly )jack into this 
larger barn for feed and litter. The granary in 
this barn will hold about six hundred bushels of 
grain, and has an alley through the middle where 
the corn, oil-meal, etc., is mixed for feeding the 
sheep. The upper and lower floors of the barn 
are used for hay, straw, etc., from one feeding to 



G 

another. I have a wagon or carriage house close 
to this ])arn, twenty by thirty feet, with cellar 
the whole size, eight feet in the clear, middle 
and up|)er floors. This cellar is used exclusively 
for roots. The roots are generally cut by machine, 
and every day at half-past twelve, are fed to the 
sheep. When I have i)lenty of them, we feed 
daily at the rate of from three to four bushels to 
the hundred. The middle floor of this building 
is used for carriages, sleighs, harness, etc., and 
the upper floor for grain for the sheep, and liolds 
from fifteen to sixteen hundred bushels (not 
without studding the beams however). After 
the feeding and watering is finished in the morn- 
ing, the grain that is needed from the wagon 
house is brought down and mixed with oil-meal, 
etc., in the alley heretofore mentioned in the 
granary in the barn, for the next two feedings. 
The next Iniilding 1 shall mention, which I 
will call shed No. 1, is twenty-one by twenty- 
four feet, sixteen foot posts — on the south side of 
the l)arn. The upper part of this building is 
filled in summer with market hay, wdiich is 
pressed out and sold in the fall, the floor covered 
with sawdust and leaves, and when the time 
arrives, Ibrty sheep are put up and kcjjt there 



until the}^ are sold in the spring. Of all m}' 
feeding yards and stables, I always find that these 
second-story sheep do the best. The lower part 
of this building has manure piled under it in 
summer, as I always like to have what manure is 
not used in the spring under cover through the 
hot weather; it is taken out clean in the fall, 
and the shed arranged the same as the upper 
part, and, together with an open yard about 
twenty-four by sixty feet, holds sixty sheep. 
These sheep always have the run of this yard 
with the shed, except when it is stormy, and then 
they are closely confined to the shed. 

The next in order is a small shed in rear of 
No. 1, about ten by twenty feet, in which stock 
rams are kept. The next is another low shed 
west of barn, about fourteen by twenty-four feet, 
for breeding ewes. Both these sheds have small 
yards attached for good weather, are used in 
summer for piling manure under, are cleaned out 
in the fall, and receive, like No. 1, a coating of 
sawdust and leaves, when they are ready again 
for the sheep. 

Next comes another shed, also west of the barn, 
thirty by seventy-two feet, with twenty foo 
posts. The upper part of this building is also 



(illc'd \vitli market hay in summer, pressed out 
and sold in the fall, and the lloor then covered 
with sawdust and leaves, the same as No. 1 and 
the others. 

Although I say that I put in sawdust and 
leaves in the fall, I will correct that a little by 
saying that sometimes, as I have done this year, 
and as I always advise when practicable, I 
put in the sawdust before harvest on these upper 
floors. It then has time to get nice and dry, 
thereby not only preserving the lloor better, but 
also absorbing the more liquid manure from the 
animals. The lower part of this building is also 
used for piling manure under in summer, and in 
the fall is treated the same as the other. Before 
the sheep are brought into this building in the 
fjill, we put up, made expressly for the purpose, 
and put away in summer, three partitions on the 
upper lloor and three partitions below. This 
gives us four pens above and four below, each 
eighteen by thirty feet. Each of these pens 
holds forty-five sheep, which makes one hundred 
and eighty for the upper floor, and one hundred 
and eighty below, or altogether for this building, 
three hundred and sixty sheep. On account of 
the lower part of this building being lower than 



9 

the upper one, I have for each of these lower pens 
a small yard attached, about ten by eighteen feet, 
which in good weather they always get with their 
pens. Ventilating windows are also provided for 
all the pens, and are always regulated according to 
the weather. Two of these lower pens have two 
cisterns, supplied from the roof of this shed and 
one side of the barn, which generally, but not 
always, keep the sheep in this building supplied 
with water. 

The next building is a shed, a "lean-to," on 
the north side of the barn, twenty by forty-four 
feet, used as the others for piling manure under 
in summer, cleaned out and treated same as the 
others in the fall, and holding seventy sheep. The 
upper part is used for straw, corn-stalks, etc., in 
winter. Under this shed I have a well, which 
besides its natural supply, gets what water this 
roof brings, together with the other side of the 
barn and another slied not yet mentioned. This 
shed has no yard. 

The next and last permanent shed (although I 
had another temporary one I used last winter), is 
thirty-five by thirty-six feet, eighteen loot posts. 
The upper part of this shed is filled in summer 
with feeding hay for the sheep, to be fed out in 



10 

wintt'i"; twenty-one hy tliirty-six feet of this 
shed has also nianui'e \n\cd under in summer, 
used as the others in the fall, and together with 
an open yard about thirty-six by forty feet, holds 
seventy-five sheep. These seventy-five sheep, 
together with the yard containing sixty sheep, 
o-et their water from a well stand inir between the 
two >"ar(ls. Of this shed, fourteen ))y thirty-six 
feet is lloored and partitioned; one half of it is 
used for a horse stable when needed, and into the 
other half I always put twenty of my Ijest sheep. 
I have noM' given as well as 1 can, a descrip- 
tion of the buildings and arrangements I use and 
although many of you may have better ones, 
still 1 must say I am very well satisfied with 
mine. 1 will now say something of feeding appa- 
ratus, and may premise that all claimed improve- 
ments in sheep feeding arrangements that have 
come under my observation for the last ten or 
twelve years, I have always examined very care- 
fully, but have universally found after looking 
them over, that for fattening sheep, all things 
considered, they were no better than mine. For 
breeding sheep, however, I" think there are better 
ones. I have a feeding box (after which I made 
others) sent me by my friend, William Cil\miu;klaix, 



11 

Esq., the noted fine- wool sheep breeder, which for 
breeding sheep is all that could be desired, as we 
can afford to take a little more time, and have a 
little waste and trouble with a few nice breeders. 
When, however, we come to fattening five, six or 
eight hundred sheep, it makes quite a difference 
whether one man can take care of them, or 
whether we must have two ; as an extra liand 
through the feeding season will cost, wages and 
board, with us, at least one hundred and fifty 
dollars. Then, also, it makes quite a difierence 
whether five hundred sheep waste a pint of grain 
per day, wliich I am satisfied was more than my 
whole flock wasted last winter, or whether they 
waste half a bushel per day ; and I have seen more 
than that wasted by bad fixtures and management, 
thereby causing loss and discouragement to the 
person engaged in feeding. Also, whether we 
waste one hundred pounds of hay per day, or 
whether four or five hundred pounds will cover 
the waste for all winter. These wastings are 
what hurts, and although it looks like but a little, 
when you come to figure it up, you will be sur- 
prised to see what it amounts to. 

My apparatus or feeding box for feeding hay, 
grain, roots, etc., which it toolv. me four years to 



12 




perfect, and which you are all at liberty to use if 
you like it, is from twelve to fourteen feet long, 
twenty-t\vo inches wide, with a tight bottom; the 

upper sides let in by 
the scantling at the 
ends and middle, and 
all the box, except 
the bottom, put to- 
gether W'ith good 
stout screws. (See 
annexed figure and 

Description of the Feeaiiuj 7?o.r.-Fee(ling deSCriptlOn, Origmai- 

15()x 12 or 11 fl. long, iviid 22 iiiclu'S wiile— , 11*1 1 * i'K 

the bottom slanting from botli sides ail. 1 i^\ pUbllStieClin ttlC 
resting on a board in tlu! middle, forming 

acompletetrongh lor grain or roots. Tlie CoUntnj Gentleman.) 
bottom side lioards should be II fir 12 

inches wide— then a space loft of 8 or 10 J claiui for tllis 
inches according to siz(> of sheep— then 

the top boards, 8 inches wide-the ends i eCOUOmV eXDC- 

and sides to match. Corner pieces of ""^ CCOIlOmj , KApe 

scantling in the inside, of hemlock or -■ . . -. , ,. 

oak. as pine will not hold a nail or screw, tlltlOn and Cleaull- 
tlic latter of which is preferable in putting 

them together. IICSS. 

The sheep cannot upset the feeder nor his basket, 
as he carries it on his shoulder or in his arms to 
the iirst box; he walks up perfectly straight, and 
scatters the feed from the basket evenly and 
quickly through all the boxes in the yard, the 
sheep falling in behind him, just as w^ell drilled 
soldiers fall in line at the tap of the drum — the 
whole time consumed for putting grain in four of 



lo 

these boxes for seventy-five sheep, not being more 
than one minute. Then also the airdce being 
but from eight to ten inches wide, there is no 
chance for the sheep to get more than their heads 
through, and the box being but twenty-two inches 
wide, there is no need for crowdino; or straining 
to reach their feed, but each animal stands quietly 
and comfortably until his meal is finished. Also, 
every experienced sheep man knows that sheep 
always crowd up to their feed instead of away 
from it; consequently with a good feeding box no 
hay or grain can be wasted. 

As I said before, four of these boxes can have 
grain put in, in one minute. Hay, straw, roots, 
etc , can also be put in very quickly, as the boys 
often take hay enough at once for two boxes, 
drop part in one, and the balance in the other, 
when by a little shake with the fork, it is 
scattered evenly through the box. The same 
also with roots, as the feeder, when he gets to the 
first box, can put them in so quick, that, let the 
sheep come as fast as they can, they cannot catch 
him before he is through. 

These boxes have only to be turned over and 
back again, and they are clean. No dirt can get 
in from the sides, as the space between the upper 



14 

and lower board is too narrow, and tlie box being 
I'roni twenty-eight to thirty inches high, no dirt 
can get in from the top, consequently when the box 
is turned over and back again, it is always clean. 

As to feed, water, litter, salt, etc., I must first 
and most particularly urge the feeder to be sure 
and have plenty of them, of a good quality, and 
to have it ri^^ht there. It is not very good 
economy to depend upon your neighbors, when 
you buy yowv I'eed or any part of it, to bring it 
to }'0u from day to day, but you should always 
have at least two weeks or more feed on hand, 
when you will Ije all right, come fair weather or 
fold. I have seen a case of that kind, where 
a lot of fat sheep were obliged to go without tlieir 
grain for a whole day, on account of a disap- 
pointment, Avhich could not be made good again in 
three days' feeding. Water, too, should be looked 
after regularly. I have a rule that the boys shall 
go around and fill up the troughs with water 
twice in the morning after feeding, and twice in 
the afternoon, always commencing everything 
in the sliape of feed, water, salt, etc. with No. 1, 
and always ending with the last yard or stable. 

Littering cannot under any circumstances be 
neglected. I have often stood in the yard or 



15 

stable, and noticed when the bedding was 
becoming wet or dirty, how careful the sheep 
were to keep out of it, and how reluctantly they 
would lie down. As soon as they got a nice 
clean bedding, they would drop down upon it, 
and lie there as contented and happy, to all 
appearances, as an exhausted and worn-out person 
would 0)1 a bed of down ; and here I shall take 
the liberty to say, that in my humble opinion, 
this is the time and the only time they accumu- 
late tiesh. Salt, ashes, etc., should also never be 
forgotten; no, not for a single day. 

Quietness, also, is of the greatest importance, 
and, in order to secure it, I have a rule never to 
allow strangers in the yard, unless accompanied 
by the feeder. The sight of a stranger in the 
yard will send the sheep pell-mell in every direc- 
tion, and the effect will be perceived for a whole 
day afterward ; and no other reason can 1 assign 
for the forty sheep in the u})per part of shed No. 
1, doing better than the rest, but that we never 
go there except to feed, water, litter, etc., and 
there is no passing or re-passing through them as 
through the other pens. 

The question is frequently asked, "what kind 
of grain is best for fattening sheep?" 1 answer, 



10 

for me, corn is the best for the main feed, 
although J like a few oats mixed to start with, 
and have no objections to beans, ])eas and oil- 
meal if they do not cost too nmeli. A\ henever 
they cost as much, or more than corn, 1 dis])ense 
Avitli them, as a sheep feeder must count his cost 
as well as his reputation, if he intends to succeed. 
Another question arises: "Do you iind whole or 
ground feed best ?" For horses, cattle and pigs I 
prefer ground feed, but for sheep, es})ecially fat- 
tening sheep, I choose whole or unground feed. 
I find that the sheep will grind it just as well 
as the mill to which we must give every tenth 
bushel, besides having the trouble of hauling 
the grain to and from it. 1 also iind that fat 
sheep will hold up to their full feed much better, 
especially in soft weather, on whole than on 
ground feed; consequently drawing grain to and 
from the mill, and paying toll, is, in my estima- 
tion, labor and money lost. 

A })erson to succeed in sheep feeding, must do 
it because he likes to do it — because he prefers 
to feed sheep and see them eat, to any other ))usi- 
ness done in winter; and although he may not be 
able or willing to do the woi*k himself, still he 
nuist take delight in seeing it well attended to, if 



17 

he expects to prosper. He should be sure to see 
every sheep he has, at least once a day, when, if 
he understands his business, he can tell at a 
glance whether they have been properly cared 
for. 

It is asked, "What kind of hay is best for sheep ?" 
Emphatically I say clover, but it should be 
cut early, and cured nice and green. Timothy 
is probably best for horses, but for cattle and 
sheep I prefer clover, and would rather have a 
ton of nice green fine clover than a ton of timo- 
thy, although in market one ton of timothy will 
bring as much as two of clover. I have sometimes 
fed some timothy hay to my sheep, but always 
found that it was not the kind for them; they 
would grow lank and thin upon it — not a very 
good sign that a fattening animal is thriving 
well. As soon as they got the clover again they 
would plump up and look full and nice, and I can 
assure you unless your sheep look full and plump, 
they are not fattening very fast. 

Is straw good for feeding sheep ? One feed at 
noon of nice bright oat, barley or pea straw, I 
prefer to hay, as they not only relish it, but it is 
a change for them. Sheep are very fond of 
variety, and will eat daisies, weeds, thistles or 



18 

• 

almost anything of the kind that is cut and cured 
green. Nice green corn-stalks are not very bad 
for slieep, and when I have i:)lenty of them I 
always feed the sheep with them, at least once a 
day, and consider them as good as hay. I prefer, 
however, feeding them the fore ])art of the 
winter, as towards spring they will sometimes 
contract dampness, and then the slieep do not 
eat them so well. 

I am asked to answer this question : " Shall we 
cultivate roots for fattening sheep, and what is 
their value compared with grain?" I have often 
thought I would experiment a little on this sub- 
ject, but as the trial is attended with considera- 
ble pains and trouble to have it accurate, without 
which it is of no use, I have put it off from 
winter to winter, and now have no figures to give. 
I intend yet to test this question thoroughly. 
However, I will ansAver as well as I can, and as 
1 have used more or less roots every year since I 
commenced feeding sheep, 1 think that I have a 
pretty good idea about them. I will say then, 
cultivate roots by all means, if you liave plenty 
of manure and intend to put your land in proper 
condition; if not, you may better leave it alone, 
as you will surely get more grass and weeds than 



19 

roots. I was successful in raising about eighteen 
hundred bushels of flat turnips last season on 
about two and a half acres of land, and with 
very little labor. Early in the spring we covered 
the ground with about fifty loads of manure from 
one of the sheep sheds, and plowed it in about 
seven inches deep. Just before the time arrived 
to put in ruta baga seed, the ground was har- 
rowed, another light dressing of fine manure put 
on and worked in with a gang plow about three 
inches deep. It was then well harrowed, and 
the seed immediately sown. The seed proving 
bad I gang-plowed the land again and sowed 
new seed. This time the seed came beautifully, 
but was soon destroyed by the turnip fly, when 
as a last resort, I gang-plowed it again, sowed 
the common purple-top turnip, and had the 
result stated. On account of the frequent gang- 
plowing by which the weeds were destroyed, 
w^e had no trouble but to thin out, the plants. 
Part of the seed was put in with a large seed 
planter, and part sowed broadcast, and in thin- 
ning the plants where the seed was put in with 
the planter, the work could be done in one-half 
die time that was required where the seed was 
sown broadcast. 



20 

With regard to the vahie of roots for feeding, 
my experience is that whenever they are worth 
at home more than seventy-five cents per harrel, 
and corn not over from one doHar to one dollar 
and twenty-five cents per hiishel, the corn is the 
cheapest, and I would use only a few roots as a 
substitute for green food. 1 consider carrots and 
ruta bagas better than common turnips; still by 
feeding a little more of the hitter than the 
former, I think the sheep do just as well on them. 

Another inquiry is, " How often do you clean 
out your yards and stables in winter ?" Not 
at all, unless I perceive danger to the build- 
ings from the weight of the sheep and manure 
on these upper floors; then we remove a quantity 
sufficient to make the building safe, and leave all 
the rest until the sheep are sold, when we find 
the manure so hard and solid that it must often be 
cutM'ith an axe or hay-knife into blocks before it 
can be handled — thus showing that no decomposi- 
tion has taken place during the feeding season. 

Feeding with me is always commenced about 
half-past five in the morning, when I always 
endeavor to be there, and see that everything is 
right, and give special orders, if necessary, for 
the day. The best help will sometimes put off for 



21 

to-morroAv what should be done to-day, and this is 
worse in stock feeding than in any other business. 
I hold that the noses of the sheep should be 
smeared with tar, at least four times through the 
feeding season; first, when they are brought 
home in the fall; second, when they go into 
their winter quarters, and then twice during the 
winter. By doing this, we prevent all trouble 
with colds and foul noses. The old method of 
catching and holding the sheep to perform this 
operation made it a laborious task, and I now 
practice a new and easier way of doing it. 
We simply take two or three of the sheep- 
boxes which I have already described, which 
are loose and can be set anywhere, and make a 
small yard under the shed, and drive the sheep 
in, and pack them closely; one man holds the 
bucket of tar, and two or three, each with a 
wooden tar ladle, jump right in among the sheep, 
and without catching or holding the sheep, 
put the tar on, commencing at one end and 
coming out at the other; and this job, for six or 
eight hundred sheep that used the old way to 
take us almost all day, can now be done in less 
than two hours, besides being so much less inju- 
rious to the sheep. 



22 

When I went into the sheep-feeding business 
years ago, it was more with a view to the conse- 
quent improvement of the hind (it would hardly 
grow a crop of good beans then), than to make 
the ready dollar. In this I have fully succeeded. 
I wanted to make two spears of grass grow where 
but one grew before, and I am sure I am getting 
three, some of my neighbors say four ; however, I 
call it three. The meadows that used to cut from 
one-half to one ton of hay ^^^r acre, now yield 
on an average over two. Raising rye was then 
out of the question ; last year I got froui about 
sixteen acres, four hundred bushels of rye, and 
straw enough to have amounted to near nine 
hundred dollars, if I had sold it (which I never 
do, unless I replace it by hay for bedding, as 
I have done this year, getting three tons of hay 
for one ton of straw). This year I got from 
forty-five bushels sowing, fifty loads. 

For fear of misleading you, I must say, that 
with all the experience and precaution in buying, 
good fixtures, plenty of feed, litter, care, etc., 
you will not always succeed. For though I have 
for the last twelve years studied the thing closely, 
and carried it out carefully, in s])ite of all my 
efforts 1 have not always made money, and would 



23 

almost guarantee that out of every ten new sheep 
feeders, eight will probably feed but one year. 
When a friend asks my advice on the subject, I 
always say to him, try twenty-five or fifty, and 
then if you like it, get more the next year. Some 
have looked upon this advice as selfish, and given 
to keep others out, and have rushed into the busi- 
ness, and not only tlie first year made no money, 
but actuall}^ lost nearly half their investment. 
We used to have several sheep feeders in this 
and adjoining counties, and as the principal feed- 
ers have all left the business except myself, I 
think this is pretty conclusive evidence that 
what I now say is about right. 

In regard to the profit of the different breeds 
of sheep for fattening, allow me to say, that in 
my twelve years' experience in feeding, I have 
found the breed of sheep to have much to do 
with their early maturity, weight and fattening 
qualities. I have had Leicesters and their grades, 
Cotswold grades, South Down grades, Merinos 
and their grades, and have always found that 
whenever the Leicester blood predominated, I 
had an animal that would fatten quick at an early 
age, and make good weight, and have had no 
trouble when the animal has been half or more 



24 

of Leicester blood, with good keeping, to make 
him dress one hundred pounds of mutton at 
twenty months old. 

1 have lately been informed l)y a Western New 
York gentlenum, that I am represented among 
fine wooled sheep men as having changed my 
views on the (piestion of feeding coarse or fine 
wooled sheep, and that 1 am now in favor of fine 
wools. I think my experiment of last winter on 
this point, printed in the Country Gentleman of 
April oOth, 18G8, would satisfy any one to the 
contrary. Nevertheless, having found it impossi- 
ble to get coarse-wooled wethers enough for 
feeding the present winter, I am again fattening 
a number of fine wools — but not from choice. 
Among the latter is one with a ring in his horn, 
which as I was told by the man from whom I got 
him, was once sold for three hundred dollars. I 
was glad to get rid of him, although he was fat, 
for five dollars and fifty cents ; and, as to fine- 
wools generally, I am fully convinced they will 
not make me more than half the money for 
winter feeding that the coarse wools will. 



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